Suchergebnisse

Increases in the number and size of enclaves of the new immigrant groups from Latin America and Asia during the 1980s have changed the ethnic composition of many American cities. I have classified primary and secondary enclave networks for each immigrant country of origin in order to examine changes in the geographic concentration of immigrants. First I calculated the Duncan index of dissimilarity for immigrants relative to natives at the metropolitan area level. I then use individual-level data to follow immigrant cohorts over time in order to examine how time in the United States is associated with movements from primary enclaves to other geographic areas in the immigrant networks. There is movement from the primary enclave to the periphery of the primary enclave, to areas of smaller groupings of immigrants from the same country of origin, and to areas that do not have large groupings of immigrants from the same country. It is significant that many of these changes in location occur quite late in the assimilation process.

This is one of the first studies to use crosscountry comparisons to examine competing views of informal sector employment. Most patterns of employment and earning structures are very similar across the examined five countries, suggesting similar factors influencing the formation of the formal and informal sectors. In particular, the return to education in the informal sector is at least three-fifths that in the formal sector and the male-female differential is much greater in the formal sector. (DSE/DÜI)